The IEC 60909 standard is well established, and used across most of industry to calculate the maximum fault currents that can occur on a system. The primary use of the standard is to select switchgear

Introduction When we carry out an earthing study for a site, one of the key questions we try and answer quickly are ‘Is the site a Hot Zone?’ and ‘Is the site a high EPR

Introduction In earthing studies, one of the most important steps to undertake is to calculated the fault current actually injected into the ground grid vs fault current that will return via metallic paths such as

Introduction Measuring soil resistivity by direct electrical measurement is fundamental to designing a safe and cost-effective earthing system. It is the foundation on which good design is built on. If the soil resistivity input data

A few weeks ago now, our MD (Steve Sommerville) gave a short presentation in Distributed Energy Resource (DER) Forum in relation to energisation of transformers on large generation sites with multiple transformers. The current P28

An interesting article below from the BBC discussing the ongoing issue with constraints, and the overlap to zonal pricing. It is a hot debate, with a certain amount of heat on both sides, and as

Introduction NESO have been pushing for the majority of developers to carry out Sub Synchronous Oscillation (SSO) studies for all new generation systems connected to the network. This has always been the case for HVDC

Obtaining an ION from NESO is becoming a more and more challenging task. Historically this was driven primarily by construction completion and testing. In more recent years this is being driven by meeting the paperwork

Background A key question that has been causing some disagreement between DNOs and BESS operators is how to consider BESS units in terms of ramp rates, and the impact to the Step Voltage Change (SVC)